Cenozoic Fossils, Life, and Environments From Aurora Costal Plain, North Carolina

Arthropoda

bivalve

Barnacle

Brachiopod

Bryozoa

Corals

Dolphins

Echinodermata

Fish

Gastropods

Mammals

Protozoa

Sharks

Sponges

Stingrays

Whales

Worms

Arthropods (jointed foot) - Have segmented bodies and are covered by an exoskeleton, a hard protective covering made up of proteins and chitin. For Arthropods to             grow, the need to molt their exoskeleton and by shedding it and inflating their body before the new skeleton hardens.

Barnacles - barnacles are usually fixed to a rocky surface. The larva go through several distinct swimming stages as plankton, before settling into place onto a rock. The juveniles pick their place to settle because they can detect their adults by chemical means. Adult rock barnacles are protected by four, six or eight calcareous plates, which form a volcano-like cover. The top entrance is covered by another two plates.

Bivalve (clam) – Have shells consisting of two halves or valves. The two shells are joined at the top while being held together by the adductor muscles on either side. Bivalves are filter feeders, water and food particles are drawn in and the food is collected by the mucus in the gills.

Brachiopoda – A marine organism that resembles clams, but are different than clams based on their anatomy. Brachiopods are lophophorates, characterized by the lophophore or tentacle like feeding appendage.

Bryozoa – Aquatic organisms that live for the most part in colonies of interconnected individuals. A few million Bryozoans can live together in a colony. They encrust surfaces such as shells and rocks, or form fan-like colonies.

Corals – This group includes the famous reef builders that are found in tropical oceans. Most corals are known as stony corals because they are made up of thin covers of skeleton consisting of calcium carbonate. The coral head is formed by many millimeters in diameter, individual polyps that function as a single organism.

Dolphins and Porpoises – Mammals, meaning that they are warm blooded, have a few hairs on their body, and nourish their young with milk. They have a streamlined shape that helps them move quickly through the water with the help of their powerful tail.

Echinodermata – Radial symmetric organisms that are only found in the sea. Most have a spiny skin with five appendages or rays that project from the center but there are some exceptions. They live on the sea floor where they are held down by suckers at the ends or their feet.

Fisha cold-blooded, water-dwelling, vertebrate with gills. Nearly all fish have a streamlined body, which is divided into head, trunk, and tail, although the dividing points are not always externally visible.

Gastropods - The body is generally divided into 2 main regions: (1) head-foot and (2) mantle (including shell), mantle cavity, and visceral mass. In most gastropods the Muscular foot is the locomotion organ; gastropods mainly crawl, attach, or burrow using the foot. The head includes sense organs (tentacles and eyes) and in many groups is the site of concentration of nerve ganglia and connectives.

Mammals – hairy, milk producing, warm-blooded animals that are broken down into three different groups by the way that they reproduce. Eutheria (humans) or placental mammals bear living young that are nourished in the mother uterus. Marsupials (kangaroos) give birth very early and the young are essentially a helpless embryo, so they climb from mother’s birth canal to the mothers pouch. Third, Monotremes, lay eggs rather than giving birth.

Protozoa - Protozoa are the most abundant animals in the world in terms of numbers and biomass. Protozoa are defined as single-celled eukaryotic organisms that feed heterotrophically and exhibit diverse motility mechanisms. Most Protozoan are too small to be seen with the naked eye - most are around 0.01-0.05 mm, although forms up to 0.5 mm are still fairly common - but can easily be found under a microscope.

Sharks – Sharks are known as earth’s oldest fish, more than 400 million years old. Sharks have a sleek, streamlined design which helps them swim without using up a lot of energy. They certainly need to conserve their energy because they never really sleep and most of them never stop swimming. Sharks and rays also share some acute senses, such as smell and the ability to detect the mild electric currents produced by other animals -- including potential prey. Some sharks are reputed to be able to detect minute quantities of substances such as blood in water from several hundred feet away. There are more than 370 species of sharks known to science. Existing sharks range in size from the whale shark-which, at up to 60 feet, is the largest fish-to tiny sharks that are mere inches in length at maturity.

ProferiaSponges are considered to be the oldest animal phyla. The surface of a sponge's body is covered by a skin, one cell thick. This skin is penetrated by numerous small pores and a few large openings. These are respectively the entrances and exits for a complex system of canals and chambers through which the sponge pumps a current of water.

Stingrays - This stingray is one of the smallest rays in the family Dasyatidae. The flattened pectoral fins of the disc are continuous and extend anterior to the head and posterior to the pelvic region. The head is slightly elevated and contains spiracles that enable the ray to take in water dorsally while lying on the seabed and the tail is long and tapered, oval in the cross section, and extends behind the body like a whip.

Whales - Are the largest species of exclusively aquatic mammals, members of the order Cetacea. The body is fusiform, resembling the streamlined form of a fish. The forelimbs, that are paddle-shaped. The end of the tail holds the fluke, or tail fins, which provide propulsion by vertical movement. Although whales generally do not possess hind limbs, some whales sometimes have rudimentary hind limbs; some even with feet and digits. Most species of whale bear a fin on their backs known as a dorsal fin. Beneath the skin lies a layer of fat, the blubber. It serves as an energy reservoir and also as insulation.

Worm - is an elongated soft-bodied invertebrate animal. Worm species differ in their abilities to move about on their own. Many species have bodies with no major muscles, and cannot move on their own. They must be moved by forces or other animals in their environment. Many species have bodies with major muscles, that let them move on their own.