The themes include:

	New rules and policies
	Different standards
	Discounting race based scholarship
	Isolation
	Denial of the black experience
	No effective legal recourse

New Rules and Polices Different Standards

Academic Tenure and the "White Male Standard": Some Lessons from the Patent Law. Double Minority: Empirical Evidence of a Double Standard in Law School Hiring of Minority Women, The Erasing Race From Legal Education

Carter, Stephen L. Academic Tenure and the "White Male Standard": Some Lessons from the Patent Law. 100 Yale Law Journal 2065 (1991) Carter calls for a "race-neutral" perspective when regarding and evaluating writings of legal scholars, opting instead for a lesson from Patent law which requires that all new innovations and ideas contribute to human knowledge, regardless of origin.(3) [back] Geeenburg, Judith. Erasing Race From Legal Education. 28 University of Michigan Law Reform 51 (1994). Addresses the inherent biases in law school curricula that treat African-American students' poor performance as indicia of inferiority, not as a reflection of a structure of education that does not acknowledge or respect and reward specific anti-majoritarian traits. Inherent bias structures reward African-American students that think and write "white".(4) Greenburg reports that the emphasis in legal academia on race neutrality creates an environment which contributes individual success or failure on poor choices made by the individual. Thus, the structure cannot address the inherent obstacles created by racism that are attributable to success or failure.(5) [back] Merrit, Deborah and Barbara Reskin. The Double Minority: Empirical Evidence of a Double Standard in Law School Hiring of Minority Women. 654 Southern California Law Review 2299 (1992). Statistical data is provided which shows the success of minority men in obtaining tenure-track positions between 1986 and 1991 compared with minority women during the same period. While one may argue that not enough black women professors are being offered tenure track positions as law faculty, administrators assert that not only is the pool of qualified applicants small, but black women professors are diligently sought after because they satisfy the demand for two minority groups. Statistical data is provided which demonstrates that minority men start teaching at higher ranks, obtain jobs at significantly more prestigious schools and are significantly less likely to teach low status courses----with sex alone as the determining factor.(6) [back]   Discounting Race Based Scholarship Deconstructing Voice Scholarship. Legal Academy and Minority Scholars, The Legal Education II: Law Professors of Color and the Academy: Of Poets and Kings. New Voice of Color, The Outside the Tradition: Literature as Legal Scholarship: The Call to Stories--Speaking In and About Stories. Posner on Duncan Kennedy and Racial Difference: White Authority in the Legal Academy. Racial Critiques of Legal Academia. Regulating the Self: Autobiographical Performances in Outsider Scholarship. Resistance to Stories. Review: "Tales of White Folk: Doctrine Narrative and Reconstruction of Racial Reality: The Rodrigo Chronicles: Conversations About America and Race." Telling a Black Legal Story: Privilege, Authenticity, "Blunders", and Transformation in Outsider Narratives. When a Story is Just a Story: Does Voice Really Matter. White Men Can't Jump: Critical Epistemologies, Embodiment and the Praxis of Legal Scholarship. You Can Take Them to Water But You Can't Make Them Drink: Black Legal Scholarship and White Legal Scholars.       Austin, Arthur. Deconstructing Voice Scholarship. 30 Houston Law Review 1671 (1993). Professor Austin explains that even though the tenuring process evaluates scholarship according to traditional standards, "voice scholarship" deserves a "presumption of expertise" because the minority author comes from a life experience and psychological perspective with which the legal traditionalist cannot relate.(7)[back] Ball, Milner S. The Legal Academy and Minority Scholars. 103 Harvard Law Review 1855(1990) . Response to Randall Kennedy's assertions that the works of black legal scholarship is a call for white academia to "coddle" underachieving minorities and work that lacks merit(8). Ball insists that the minority scholar's work rises to a standard that is absent in traditional legal evaluation. Furthermore, traditional legal scholarship is too rigid, objective and color-neutral to appreciate and acknowledge the realities of the minority experience. Consequently the writings of the minority scholar which encompass "voice" are viewed as inferior and/or irrelevant.[back] Baron, Jane. Resistance to Stories. 67 Southern California Law Review 255 (1994). Examination of the resistance to legal storytelling by primarily focusing on an article which seems to typify the mainstream perspective regarding the storytelling movement.(9) Baron explains that the article "misses the point" of the legal narrative because the article assumes that all legal scholarly writing uses the same analysis and "reasonableness" that permeates traditional legal scholarship. Yet Baron explains that traditional analysis and the "reasonable" person standard were not created with the ethnic minority in mind. Therefore, when the "voice of color" speaks, it may not use the same "universalisms" as traditional legal scholarship requires, but it is nonetheless valid and effective.[back] Cook, Nancy L. Outside the Tradition: Literature as Legal Scholarship: The Call to Stories--Speaking In and About Stories. 63 University of Cincinnati Law Review 95 (1994). Suggest the use of literature in education by using fiction and poetry and the diverse voices that are inherent in literature. In reality the practice of law necessarily incorporates the emotion and imagination that traditional legal scholarship excludes, therefore, education would be better served through a method of scholarly teaching that incorporates literature.(10)[back] Coughlin, Anne M. Regulating the Self: Autobiographical Performances in Outsider Scholarship. 81 Virginia Law Review 1229 (1995). Summarily, this article fears that the use of the autobiographical narrative in legal scholarship may lead to the same value judgement standards that their writings critique, mainly because these authors will discount any reader who is unable to identify with their experience.[back] Culp, Jerome McCristal Jr. You Can Take Them to Water But You Can't Make Them Drink: Black Legal Scholarship and White Legal Scholars. 1992 University of Illinois Law Review 1021 (1992). In his critique of Patricia William's book(11), Culp explains that white scholars are confused by the way in which William's addresses legal issues in a literary style because white scholars listen but do not hear the voice of color. White scholars are apt to discredit black legal writing because they feel the stories are not real and the style is ineffective and unimportant.(12) Yet Patricia William's book is not intended to transform, according to Culp, but to inform and allow for insight into the racial/legal experience of the "other".[back] Culp, Jerome McCristal Jr. Telling a Black Legal Story: Privilege, Authenticity, "Blunders", and Transformation in Outsider Narratives. 82 Virginia Law Review 69 (1996). Defending against Professor Coughling's critiques of his work(13), and arguing for the use of autobiography as a part of legal scholarship and teaching in order to change the status quo because the voice of the black experience is unique and will make legal education more effective.[back] Culp, Jerome McCristal Jr. Posner on Duncan Kennedy and Racial Difference: White Authority in the Legal Academy. 41 Duke Law Journal 1095 (1993). Challenges the notion that Black legal scholarship is "special pleading" because it does not conform to the "appropriate style" or address the "appropriate audience"(14). Asserts that the Black legal scholarship is not driven by the concerns of the white majority, nor is it intended to reflect the majoritarian reality, but is intended to educate, inform and evaluate the experience of the minority legal society; a fact that can be beneficial for all readers.[back] Delgado, Richard. When a Story is Just a Story: Does Voice Really Matter. 76 Virginia Law Review 95 (1990). Critique of Randall Kennedy's article, Racial Critiques of Legal Academia. 102 Harvard Law Review 1745 (1989), In which Kennedy, a scholar of color, states that the new outsider scholarship movement is injurious to the effort to achieve racial justice. Delgado acknowledges his disagreement with Kennedy's perspective that the new scholarship should resign itself to the parameters of dominant traditional legal scholarship and seek its rewards there within, but admits Kennedy's critiques are helpful in understanding why most critics of voice scholarship disagree with voice scholarship.(15)[back] Hayman, Robert L. Jr. and Nancy Levit. Review: "Tales of White Folk: Doctrine Narrative and Reconstruction of Racial Reality: The Rodrigo Chronicles: Conversations About America and Race." 84 California Law Review 377 (1966). In relevant part, Hayman and Levit maintain in Part III of the article that storytelling is useful as a method of doctrinal critique because it provides a method for recognizing and acknowledging the realities and existence of a multicultural, diverse society while allowing for a more empathetic view of racial identity and existence. [back] Harris, Cheryl. Legal Education II: Law Professors of Color and the Academy: Of Poets and Kings. 88 Chicago-Kent Law Review 331 (1992). Harris discusses her experiences within the legal academy and the resistance in the legal academic culture to the story of the minority experience. She encourages the black legal scholar to "stay in trouble with the King"(16) (agitate the status quo) by continuing to recount the black experience through voice scholarship in order to forge new paths of racial equality an to dispel harmful racial myths in the legal academy. [back] Halewood, Peter. Men Can't Jump White: Critical Epistemologies, Embodiment and the Praxis of Legal Scholarship. 7 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 1 (1995). Suggests a new mode of white male scholarship that addresses and acknowledges the legitimate philosophical objections against traditional legal scholarship while addressing whether white males can effectively write or teach about oppression and whether such will be well received.(17) [back] Kennedy, Randall. Racial Critiques of Legal Academia. 102 Harvard Law Review 1745 (1989). Scholar of Color asserts that the most effective way for minority legal scholars to engage in effective scholarship is to "let go" of outsider scholarship because it undermines the fight for racial equality.(18) Calls for minority scholars to conform to the traditional legal scholarship standard and accept its impersonal, majoritarian merit based criteria. Also, rejects the notion that a separate and distinct "voice" exists and demands empirical proof of its distinctiveness were it to exist.(19) [back] Johnson, Alex M. Jr. The New Voice of Color. Yale Law Journal 2007 (1991). Critique of article written by Randall Kennedy and Stephen Carter(20) as a reflection of the majoritarian arguments against voice scholarship even though they are scholars of color. Johnson goes on to evaluate the approaches that are employed by the divergent minority groups in an effort to achieve racial justice; one being a pattern of emphasizing the responsibility of the injurer and de-emphasizing the role of the victim, while the other approach does the complete opposite.(21) Understanding were to lay blame is useful in understanding how the victim must react to and overcome oppression. [back]   Isolation Book Review: "The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor." By Patricia Williams. Decent and Indecent Proposals in the Law: Reflection on Opening ;the Contracts Discourse to Include Outsiders. Gatekeepers of the Profession: An Empirical Profile of the Nation's Law Professors. Minority Tokenism in American Law Schools. The Hiring and Retention of Minorities on American Law School Faculties. Women in Legal Education; What It's Like to Be a Part of the Perpetual First Wave or The Case of the Disappearing Women.   Boothwick, Robert J. And Jordan R Schaw. Gatekeepers of the Profession: An Empirical Profile of the Nation's Law Professors. 25 University of Michigan Law Reform 191 (1991). Gives a general outlook of the profile of law professors in America, including the schools they graduate from, their areas of expertise, their former employment history; including a lengthy statistical analysis concerning the hiring and retention of women on law faculties in general, taking into account such variables as experience, age, marital status, etc..(22) [back] Horsburg, Beverly. Decent and Indecent Proposals in the Law: Reflection on Opening ;the Contracts Discourse to Include Outsiders. 1 William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law (1994). Recalls the personal challenges that the author, a black female contracts professor, faces in and out of the classroom as she attempts to sensitize her colleagues and her students to the issues of race and gender in the law. The author calls for a refurbishment of the legal curriculum to increase diversity and outsider awareness because the legal academic culture as it currently exists creates and atmosphere of sexism, racism and homophobia.(23) [back] Polin, Sandra J. Book Review: "The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor." By Patricia Williams. 22 North Carolina Central Law Journal 83 (1996). Professor Polin discusses how Patricia Williams' book breaks from traditional legal scholarship writing when she conveys her feelings of loneliness and isolation as she regards the road she's had to travel as both a law student and a teacher of the law.(24) According to Polin, Professor Williams recounts, among other things, the frustration and self-doubt she has faced when her works were rejected by colleagues and others in the legal academy because they lacked the necessary "objectivity". Williams calls for a movement of "self-qualification" among black legal scholars who choose to write outside of traditional scholarship(25). [back] Chused, Richard H. The Hiring and Retention of Minorities on American Law School Faculties. 137 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 537 (1988). This article makes important observations using detailed statistical data regarding racial and gender patterns in the hiring, retention and firing of faculty members by law schools. Includes a departure rate calculation for women and minority faculty members between 1981 and 1987. For example, regarding data about tenured and tenure eligible faculty, black non-tenured professors left schools before tenure decisions were made and/or stopped teaching altogether after being denied tenure.(26) Also, in the 1986-87 academic year, black professors constituted 3.7 percent of majority operated law school faculties and most women teachers were in non-tenure track legal writing departments(27) [back] Hamlar, Portia Y.T. Minority Tokenism in American Law Schools. 26 Harvard Law Journal 443 (1983). Uses statistical data to demonstrate the necessity for an increase in minority enrollment in law schools, an increase in minority faculty and minority lawyers.(28) Describes the recruitment techniques used to attract minority students and the role of affirmative action.(29) Also describes the problems in the hiring and retention of minority faculty.(30) [back] Angel, Mirina. Women in Legal Education; What It's Like to Be a Part of the Perpetual First Wave or The Case of the Disappearing Women. 61 Temple Law Review 799 (1988). Uses statistical data and the personal accounts of the author to explain why a pattern of minority women faculty members being closed out of higher ranks of legal education exists, and why women faculty resign at a higher rate than their male counterparts [back]   Denial of Our Black Experience  Defending the Use of Narrative and Giving Content to the Voice of Color: Rejecting the Imposition of Process Theory in Legal Scholarship. Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory. Racial Critiques of Academia: A Reply in Favor of Context. Sapphire Bound. Un/Masking the Self While Un/Braiding Latina Stories and Legal Discourse. Water Buffalo and Diversity. Naming Names and Reclaiming Racial Discourse.   Harris, Angela P. Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory. 42 Stanford Law Review 581 (1990). Author argues that legal feminist essentialism silences the voice of black women for the privilege of others and treats the black female voice in the same way the mainstream legal voice silences black women.(31) Arthur explains that the "multiple consciousness" of the black female experience can assist the essentialist female perspective in becoming more holistic and less exclusive(32) [back] Culp, Jerome McCristal Jr. Water Buffalo and Diversity. Naming Names and Reclaiming Racial Discourse. 26 Connecticut Law Review 209 (1993). Describing how the black legal voice is silenced by traditional scholars in an effort to maintain racial status quo and to quash feelings of racial guilt that white scholars face when confronted with accusations of racism and accounts of the black experience in general. Author explains that race relations consist of three possible norms: The "master" strategy in which whites attempt to control blacks by limiting the "voice" that blacks have by controlling the discourse.(33) Second, the claim that any white scholars feel any "diminution in absolute control is an effort to make whites like black people"(34), therefore, addressing multiculturalism is fervently resisted. Last, the denial that racism and discrimination currently exist, thereby limiting the ability of black people to point out "the inadequacy of the current legal structure" without seeming over-sensitive and "whiny".(35) [back] Johnson, Alex M. Jr. Defending the Use of Narrative and Giving Content to the Voice of Color: Rejecting the Imposition of Process Theory in Legal Scholarship. 79 Iowa Law Review 803 (1994). Addressing the claims of Critical Race Theorists in regards to the Voice of Color and the hesitancy of white scholars to recognize and acknowledge its significance in legal scholarship writing because of its alleged lack of analytical reasoning and the exclusion of fundamental legal principles. Johnson describes the methodology behind the voice of color(36) and proposes that there can be no singularly proper method of evaluating black legal scholarship because the "black voice" varies depending upon who is speaking.(37) [back] Austin, Regina. Sapphire Bound. 1989 Wisconsin Law Review 539 (1989). The author discusses the pressure minority women scholars feel to write in race/gender neutral terms and proposes a legal jurisprudence which incorporates the feminine ethnic voice. She uses her suggested method of writing in a literary style by applying it to a legal case(38) and demonstrates that her methodology is useful in understanding the underlying sociological and cultural values of legal problems in an effort to promote political and legal understanding of "outsiders". [back] Johnson, Alex M. Jr. Racial Critiques of Academia: A Reply in Favor of Context. 43 Stanford Law Review 137 (1990). Rejects Randall Kennedy's demand for objective proof of the existence of the unique voice of color and the notion that legal scholarship is evaluated within a meritocracy.(39) Johnson charges that Kennedy effectually writes within the parameters of the "voice of color" that he rejects in order to undermine and critique the contributions of those who write with the "voice of color.(40).`[back] Montoya, Margaret E. Mascaras, Trenzas, Y Grenas: Un/Masking the Self While Un/Braiding Latina Stories and Legal Discourse. 17 Harvard Women's Law Journal 185 (1994). Latino legal scholar describes her academic experiences which required that she "mask" her ethnic identity and assume an identity imposed by traditional legal scholarship and culture. She calls for an unmasking of the ethnic self within this context and a promotion of legal writing which explores and acknowledges ethnic identity. Among the issues she addresses, Montonya recalls a case in law school concerning a young Latino mother who was to be convicted of manslaughter charges after she attempted to conceal her pregnancy from her family.(41) When the newborn dies, and the mother is charged, Montonya reflects and considers why there was never any discussion of the emotional, socio-psychological or cultural issues surrounding the young woman's situation. [back]   No Effective Legal Recourse A Proposal for the Hire and Tenure of Faculty of Color in Higher Education. Ineffectiveness of Title VII Tenure Decisions.   Muster, Lynn S. A Proposal for the Hire and Tenure of Faculty of Color in Higher Education. 20 Thurgood Marshall Law Review 45 (1994). Describes the state of employment of minority professors and the Title VII shortcomings in protecting against discrimination in the hiring and retention of minority law professors. Muster argues for a dual track system for tenure decisions as a temporary method to provide diversity because, among other things, it will take into account the different method of legal scholarship employed by black legal scholars and give to it its necessary respect and weight in deciding whether or not grant tenure.(42) [back] Palombi, Anthony John. Ineffectiveness of Title VII Tenure Decisions. 36 DePaul Law Review 259.back] An examination of the extent to which sex discrimination affects tenure decisions at colleges and universities. Describes how the Title VII disparate impact and disparate treatment analysis are ineffective as a tools in tenure discrimination cases because lower courts are apt to defer tenure decisions to the university process(43), therefore Title VII is not used as effectively or uniformly as in other areas of employment. [back]   Alphabetical Listing of Annotations Angel, Mirina. Women in Legal Education; What it's like to be a Part of the Perpetual First Wave or The Case of the Disappearing Women. 61 Temple Law Review 799 (1988). Austin, Arthur. Deconstructing Voice Scholarship. 30 Houston Law Review 1671 (1993). Austin, Regina. Sapphire Bound. 1989 Wisconsin Law Review 539 (1989). Ball, Milner. The Legal Academy and Minority Scholars. 103 Harvard Law Review 1855 . Baron, Jane. Resistance to Stories. 67 Southern California Law Review 255 (1994). Boothwick, Robert J. And Jordan R Schaw. Gatekeepers of the Profession: An Empirical Profile of the Nation's Law Professors. 25 University of Michigan Law Reform 191 (1991). Carter, Stephen L. Academic Tenure and the "White Male Standard": Some Lessons From the Patent Law. 100 Yale Law Journal 2065 (1991). Chused, Richard H. The Hiring and Retention of Minorities on American Law School Faculties, 137 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 537 (1988). Cook, Nancy L. Outside the Tradition: Literature as Legal Scholarship: The Call to Stories--Speaking In and About Stories. 63 University of Cincinnati Law Review 95 (1994). Coughlin, Anne M. Regulating the Self: Autobiographical Performances in Outsider Scholarship, 81 Virginia Law Review 1229 (1995). Culp, Jerome McCristal Jr. Telling a Black Legal Story: Privilege, Authenticity, "Blunders", and Transformation in Outsider Narratives. 82 Virginia Law Review 69 (1996). Culp, Jerome McCristal Jr. Water Buffalo and Diversity. Naming Names and Reclaiming Racial Discourse. 26 Connecticut Law Review 209 (1993). Culp, Jerome McCristal Jr. Posner on Duncan Kennedy and Racial Difference: White Authority in the Legal Academy. 41 Duke Law Journal 1095 (1993). Culp, Jerome McCristal Jr. You Can Take Them to Water But You Can't Make Them Drink: Black Legal Scholarship and White Legal Scholars. 1992 University of Illinois Law review 1021 (1992). Delgado, Richard. When a Story is Just a Story: Does Voice Really Matter. 76 Virginia Law Review 95 (1990). Geeenburg, Judith. Erasing Race From Legal Education. 28 University of Michigan Law Reform 51 (1994). Halewood, Peter. White Men Can't Jump: Critical Epistemologies, Embodiment and the Praxis of Legal Scholarship. 7 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 1 (1995). Hamlar, Portia Y.T. Minority Tokenism in American Law Schools. 26 Harvard Law Journal 443 (1983). Harris, Angela P. Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory. 42 Stanford Law Review 581 (1990). Harris, Cheryl. Legal Education II: Law Professors of Color and the Academy: Of Poets and Kings. 88 Chicago-Kent Law Review 331 (1992). Hayman, Robert L. Jr. and Nancy Levit, Review: "Tales of White Folk: Doctrine Narrative and Reconstruction of Racial Reality: The Rodrigo Chronicles: Conversations About America and Race , 84 California Law Review 377 (1996). Horsburg, Beverly. Decent and Indecent Proposals in the Law: Reflection on Opening the Contracts Discourse to Include Outsiders, 1 William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law (1994). Johnson, Alex M. Jr. Racial Critiques of Academia: A Reply in Favor of Context. 43 Stanford Law Review 137 (1990). Johnson, Alex M. Jr. The New Voice of Color, Yale Law Journal 2007 (1991). Johnson, Alex M. Jr. Defending the Use of Narrative and Giving Content to the Voice of Color: Reflecting on the Imposition of Process Theory in Legal Scholarship. 79 Iowa Law Review 803 (1994). Kennedy, Randall. Racial Critiques of Legal Academia, 102 Harvard Law Review 1745 (1989). Merrit, Deborah and Barbara Reskin. The Double Minority: Empirical Evidence of a Double Standard in Law School Hiring of Minority Women, 654 Southern California Law Review 2299 (1992). Montoya, Margaret E. Mascaras, Trenzas, Y Grenas: Un/Masking the Self While Un/Braiding Latina Stories and Legal Discourse, 17 Harvard Women's Law Journal 185 (1994). Muster, Lynn S. A Proposal for the Hire and Tenure of Faculty of Color in Higher Education, 20 Thurgood Marshall Law Review 45 (1994). Palombi, Anthony John. Ineffectiveness of Title VII Tenure Decisions. 36 DePaul Law Review 259. Polin, Sandra J. Book Review: "The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor." By Patricia Williams. 22 North Carolina Central Law Journal 83 (1996).   Endnotes 1. Carla Abernathy was a 3rd Year Student at the University of Dayton School of Law. 2. Randall, Vernellia and Vincene Verdun. The Hollow Piercing Scream: An Ode for Black Faculty in the Tenure Canal. 7 Hastings Women's Law Journal 1 (1996) 3. Carter, Stephen L. Academic Tenure and "White Male" Standards: Some Lessons From the Patent Law. 100 Yale Law Journal 2065, 2080-2084 (1991) 4. Geeenburg, Judith. Erasing Race From Legal Education. 28 University of Michigan Law Reform 51, 66-67 (1994) 5. Id. at 116 6. Merrit, Deorah and Barbara Reskin. The Double Minority: Empirical Evidence of a Double Standard in Law School Hiring of Minority Women. 654 Southern California Law Review 2299, 2349 (1992) 7. Austin, Arthur. Deconstructing Voice Scholarship. 30 Houston Law Review 1671, 1673 (1993) 8. Ball, Milner S. The Legal Academy and Minority Scholars. 103 Harvard Law Review 1855, 1856-1857 (1990); See also, Kennedy, Randall. Racial Critiques of Legal Academia. 102 Harvard Law Review 1745 ( 1989) 9. Farber, Daniel A. And Suzanna Sherry. Telling Stories Out of School: An Essay on Legal Narratives. 45 Stanford Law Review 807 (1993). 10. Cook, Nancy L. Outside the Tradition: Literature as Legal Scholarship: The Call to Stories--Speaking In and About Stories. 63 University of Cincinnati Law Review 95, 140-154 (1994) 11. Williams, Patricia. The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor 10-11 Harvard University Press (Th ed. 1995), paperback edition 12. Culp, Jerome McCristal Jr. You Can Take Them to Water But You Can't Make Them Drink: Black Legal Scholarship and White Legal Scholars. 1992 University of Illinois Law review 1021, 1030 (1992) 13. Coughlin, Anne M. Regulating the Self: Autobiographical Performances in Outsider Scholarship.81 Virginia Law Review 1229 (1995) 14. Culp, Jerome McCristal Jr. Posner on Duncan Kennedy and Racial Difference: White Authority in the Legal Academy. 41 Duke Law Journal 1095, 1096 (1993) 15. Delgado, Richard. When a Story is Just a Story: Does Voice Really Matter. 76 Virginia Law Review 95 (1990) 16. Harris, Cheryl. Legal Education II: Law Professors of Color and the Academy: Of Poets and Kings. 88 Chicago-Kent Law Review 331, 352 (1992) 17. Halewood, Peter. White Men Can't Jump: Critical Epistemologies, Embodiment and the Praxis of Legal Scholarship. 7 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 1, 12 (1995) 18. Kennedy, Randall. Racial Critiques of Legal Academia. 102 Harvard Law Review 1745, 1765 (1989) 19. Id. at 1801- 1808 20. Kennedy, Randall. Racial Critiques of Legal Academia. 102 Harvard Law Review 1745 (1989); Carter, Stephen L. The Best Black and Other Tales. 1 Reconstruction No.1 (1990) 21. Johnson, Alex M. Jr. The New Voice of Color. Yale Law Journal 2007, 2021 (1991) 22. Boothwick, Robert J. And Jordan R Schaw. Gatekeepers of the Profession: An Empirical Profile of the Nation's Law Professors. 25 University of Michigan Law Reform 191, 199-212 (1991) 23. Horsburg, Beverly. Decent and Indecent Proposals in the Law: Reflection on Opening the Contracts Discourse to Include Outsiders. 1 William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law 57, 82-92 (1994 24. Polin, Sandra J. Book Review: "The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor." By Patricia Williams. 22 North Carolina Central Law Journal 83, 91-95 (1996) 25. Id. at 99 26. Chused, Richard H. The Hiring and Retention of Minorities on American LawSchoolFaculties. 137 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 537, 545 (1988) 27. Id. At 537 28. Hamlar, Portia Y.T. Minority Tokenism in American Law Schools. 26 Harvard Law Journal 443, 449-459 (1983) 29. Id. at 459 30. Id at 31. Harris, Angela P. Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory. 42 Stanford Law Review 581, 585 (1990) 32. Id. at 615 33. Culp, Jerome McCristal Jr. Water Buffalo and Diversity. Naming Names and Reclaiming Racial Discourse. 26 Connecticut Law Review 209, 217 (1993) 34. Id. 35. Id. 36. Johnson, Alex M. Jr. Defending the Use of Narrative and Giving Content to the Voice of Color: Rejecting the Imposition of Process Theory in Legal Scholarship. 79 Iowa Law Review 803, 831-835 (1994) 37. Id. at 842-850. 38. Austin, Regina. Sapphire Bound. 1989 Wisconsin Law Review 539, 549 (1989) 39. Johnson, Alex M. Jr. Racial Critiques of Academia: A Reply in Favor of Context. 43 Stanford Law Review 137, 150(1990); See also, Kennedy, Randall. Racial Critiques of Legal Academia. 102 Harvard Law Review 1745 (1989) 40. Id. at 163-165 41. Montoya, Margaret E. Mascaras, Trenzas, Y Grenas: Un/Masking the Self While Un/Braiding Latina Stories and Legal Discourse. 17 Harvard Women's Law Journal 185, 201- 210 (1994) 42. Muster, Lynn S. A Proposal for the Hire and Tenure of Faculty of Color in Higher Education. 20 Thurgood Marshall Law Review 45, 67 (1994) 43. Palombi, Anthony John. Ineffectiveness of Title VII Tenure Decisions. 36 DePaul Law Review 259, 274 (1987)

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